Fixed female sterilization is about 100 percent effective.
Tubectomy is a Standing system for women to birth
control. In operation to be menstruation, abortion after delivery within 7
days. Have a family live two babies, last baby's age 2 years. Woman age below
45 years and must be regular menstruation. There are many advantages for
surgery to the Fallopian tubes and easy recovery.
Fallopian tube
ligation is one of the most general processes of female sterilization. Tubal
ligation may be performed_ a) Immediately after vaginal delivery, b) In conjunction
with a cesarean section or c) as an elective outpatient procedure.
Complication:
1. Hemorrhage from the tube and vessels in the mesosalpinx.
2. Pneumoperitoneum due to induction of carbon dioxide.
3. Diathermy burns of the bowel and other structures.
4. Surgical complication- Puncture of large blood vessels.
5. Postoperative complication- Marlener procedure.
1. Wound infection.
2. Pyrexia
3. Pain in lower abdomen
4. Urinary infection
5. Headache
Late complication:
1. Incisional hernia
2. Menstrual disorder
3. Menorrhagia/ dysmenorrheal/ intermenstrual bleeding.
Merits of tubectomy:
1. It is (99.4 - 99.8) percent effective.
2. Simple and can be done by all the doctors.
3. Accept by the people.
4. Operation is available and done free of cost in Bangladesh (The woman is also given tk. 2000, Shari and medicine).
5. Operation can be reversed, but not easy. It requires micro-surgical techniques and results in future pregnancy in only one third of the cases.)
Demerits of tubectomy:
1. It is permanent method, usually women becomes permanently infertile.
2. May be causes psychological problems.
3. Reversal operation is usually unsuccessful.
4. May be produced complication.
5. Require hospitalization for 1 week (for mini-lab operation).
6. Pain
7. Bleeding
8. Hematoma
9. Depression
10. Incisional hernia
Minilaparotomy:
- A loop of tube is excise. The cut ends are securing a ligature.
- It is important to legate the cut ends with 'Plain catgut'
To reduce maternal mortality rate following by 'Antenatal Care'.
"Antenatal care" is the care of the
woman during pregnancy to bring the mother and child to labour in the best
possible condition. The goal of antenatal care is to have the mother active at
the end of her pregnancy, in good health and to deliver a healthy baby.
Prevention or early recognition of abnormal signs, followed by prompt and
efficient treatment will avert many complications, associated with child
bearing not only during the ante-partum period, but also during and after
delivery.
Objectives
of Antenatal Care:
1. To promote, protect and maintain the
health (physical, mental and emotional well-beings) of the mother during
pregnancy.
2. To detect 'high risk' cases and give
themes special care.
3. To detect higher risk groups for
complications of pregnancy, and prevention of them.
4. To remove anxiety associated with
delivery.
5. To reduce maternal mortality and morbidity
rates.
6. To reduce neonatal and infant mortality
rates.
7. To manage insecure pregnancies with
special attention.
8. To promote nutrition.
9. to show the mother regarding the weather
of non-public hygiene, child care, environmental sanitation and nutrition.
10. To teach the mother to look after her
newborn baby during the first month of life.
11. Medical termination of gestation to
sensitive the mother birth prevention for required.
12. To attended to the under-fives
accompanying the mother. Each patient should carry her antenatal card during
her visit to the clinic.
Schedule
for Antenatal visits:
1) 1st visit at 12 weeks
2) 2nd visit at 21-25 weeks
3) 3rd visit at 26-32 weeks
4) 4th visit at 33-36 weeks
1) 1st visit at 12 weeks
2) 2nd visit at 21-25 weeks
3) 3rd visit at 26-32 weeks
4) 4th visit at 33-36 weeks
If justified condition of the mother any
abnormality visiting are regular.
Antenatal
care is very important in Maternal and Child health services because e.g.
Promotion, protection, nutrition, and maintain personal hygiene.
What are the causes of Malaria?
Malaria is
endemic or periodic throughout most of the tropics associated subtropics below associate
altitude of 1500m, excluding the Mediterranean littoral, the USA and Australia.
infection can be a phylum malady caused by infection with parasites of the genus,
The bite of bound species of infected feminine anopheline mosquitoes
transmitted to man. protozoal infection is hyper endemic within the city Hill Tracts
space, within the border areas of Kustia, Dinajpur, Mymensing and Sylhet in
Bangladesh.
Mode of transmission:
1. Transmission by infected
mosquitoes (inoculation of sporozoites into man by bite of infected female
anopheline mosquitoes).
a. Transmitting agent (Female anopheles)
b. Infectious forms (Sporozoites)
c. Portal of entry (Skin)
2. Transfusion (malaria happens throughout
the course of insertion, once infected persons are used as donors).
3. Congenital malaria (Transmission
of infection to fetus in utero through some placental defect).
The possible causes of upsurge of malaria may be:
1. amendment in topographical options significantly
within the epidemic prone areas.
2. Steady rise of cases on cases on each
side of the border.
3. Inadequate vector management measures.
4. very little or no epidemic prognostication
system.
5. Deficiency of enough diagnostic and treatment facilities at the
peripheral level.
6. Cross-border migration
of labor force.
Incubation period:
Period of P. vivax, oval
and P. falciparum malaria_ 9-14days; P. malaria _18days to 6weeks.
Clinical Features:
1. Malaria presents with
abrupt onset of fever and chills, accompanied by headache, myalgias, and
artralgia.
2. Fever could also be continuing early within
the illness, the standard periodic cycle doesn't develop for many days when onset. The fever spike, which can reach 40 degree centigrade is
frequently accompanied by nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. The fever is
following by drenching sweats.
3. Splenomegaly is seen in
most patients.
4. Hepatomegaly occurs in roughly 1/3 cases.
5. Anemia: Normocytic or microcytic
hypochromic type.
Control and Prevention:
1.
Chloroquine: Chloroquine also pregnancy and lactation Chloroquine may be given safety.
2. The use of mosquito net.
3.
Protective clothing should be worn outside the house.
4.
Use of repellent creams and sprays.
5.
Screened windows.
6.
Burning of repellent coils or tablets.
Complication:
1.
Severe anemia
2.
Organ damage due to anoxia:
a) Brain: coma and
Confusion
b) Intestine: diarrhea,
congestion and passively leaky to bacteria
c) Liver: Jaundice and encephalopathy
(rare)
3.
Intravascular haemolysis: Blackwater fever
4.
Hypoglycemia, especially with quinine treatment
5.
Shock secondary to septicemia
6.
Hypertensive shock
7.
Metabolic acidosis
8.
Splenic rupture
9. In pregnancy: Maternal death, abortion, stillbirth, low birth weight.Ways to save from Dengue fever.....
Every year
many people infected of Dengue in Bangladesh. Dengue virus infections may be
asymptomatic or may lead to undifferentiated fever, dengue fever (DF) or dengue
hemorrhagic fever (DHF), plasma leakage may lead to Hypovolaemic shock. Dengue fever is one of the virus-induced
diseases. Dengue fever comes from mosquito-bites of eddies species. This species mosquito legs are long and marks all
over the body white Stripe. Generally, Eddie’s mosquito bites in the
early morning and late afternoon. Usually seen the effect of dengue is June and
September. Eddies mosquitoes live into house, artificial pot such as in the
flowers tub, car tires, stagnant water on the roof in garbage etc.
Prefix and symptoms of dengue fever:
- Have a fever 2-7 days.
- Temperature rise 104/105 degree Fahrenheit.
- Red rash on the skin.
- Eye & headache.
- Pain in the bone, spine, & muscles.
- Skin hemorrhage, bleeding from nose & gums.
- Nausea or Hematemesis.
- Additional water thirsty.
- Difficult breathing.
Should be kept in mind to avoid the issue of Dengue fever:
- Immediately, the patient should be hospitalization.
- Eddies mosquito bites in the morning and before morning.
- Isolation to infected pts.
- Covering the body with clothes and shoes.
- Using coils.
- Keeping an infected person in mosquito net to prevent biting.
- Using mosquito net for aged people, babies & other person who take rest during the day.
- Balanced Nutritious diet according to appetite.
- ORS & Oral re-hydration therapy (ORT) is recommended for patients with moderate dehydration caused by vomiting and temperature. Dengue fever is called Dhaka fever. It affected urban areas people.
It is a communicable disease. Therefore, we should very
careful & avoid it.
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